Pope Pius IX’s Call for a Universal Council Exposes the Rift Between French Catholic Ultramontanes and Liberals
The year 1867 was the eighteenth centenary of the martyrdom of the Apostles Peter and Paul. Pius IX took advantage of the occasion to emphasize the Church’s universality and the unity between the worldwide episcopate and the Holy See. At the same time, the pope was under attack by liberals throughout Europe, … Read more